MIMO, which is a short form of Multiple Input Multiple Output, is a boon for wireless technology. To overcome the problem of multipath propagation, several antennas are used for receiving and transmitting radio links. Through the method of MIMO, the capacity of this radio link is multiplied. It has now become an essential component of wireless communication. It has influenced many wireless communication standards like IEEE 802.11n (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.11ac (Wi-Fi), HSPA+ (3G), WIMAX, and Long Term Evolution (4G LTE).
MIMO can be of single-user mode or multi-user mode. Both modes have their own significance and importance. Genuinely, Multi-user MIMO costs more than single-user MIMO. Multi-user mode had been developed to enhance the MIMO system for a situation a number of user wants to connect. The algorithm for the multi-user mode had been written for making it more advanced. Multi-user mode is further classified into two other modes. For Downlink, MIMO broadcast channels had been developed and for the uplink situation, MIMO multiple access channels are used. All these features are not available with single-user mode MIMO. For uplink and downlink, AP (Access Point) acts as receiver and transmitter respectively. For enhancing the performance of MIMO Cross-layer MIMO is used, which can solve various Cross- layer problems of a system employed with MIMO configuration.
With the introduction of MIMO in LTE, the signal performance had been improved. Multiple antennas are being used due to which multiple path propagation can be utilized that leads to better signal performance. Since it is an antenna technology, a large number of antennas are used for improving signal performance. Multiple antennas are used at receiver and transmitter end through which various path is used and the transfer rate of data is much better. The introduction of MIMO had improved its standard. It can be implemented in LTE through various modes, like, Single antenna, Transmit diversity, Open-loop spatial multiplexing, Close loop spatial multiplexing, Closed-loop with pre-coding, Multi-user MIMO, MU-MIMO, Beam- forming, and MIMO. With the improvement in LTE standard, multiple antennas can be supported.
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